A number of our Patent and Trade Mark Attorneys will be attending the INTA Conference in Boston between 18 and 22 May 2019. Please contact us if you would like to schedule a short meeting during the conference to learn about our IP services in Australia and New Zealand.
In the recent decision of Rokt Pte Ltd v Commissioner of Patents [2018] FCA 1988, the Federal Court found that a claim to a computer-implemented invention was allowable, thus overturning the decision of the Commissioner of Patents to refuse the application.
The decision noted that the Commissioner’s approach of focusing on individual elements in isolation is incorrect and that the combination of integers is to be considered when assessing whether a claimed invention constitutes patent eligible subject matter.
Encouragingly, the decision found that an identified business problem of attracting the attention of a user and having the user interact with the advertiser had been translated into the technical problem of how to utilise the computer technology to address the business problem. The computer was found to be integral to the invention, with the patent application introducing a method which was foreign to the use of computers.
The Rokt decision confirms that computer-implemented inventions are patentable subject matter in Australia and provides much needed guidance on the correct approach to be adopted when assessing the patentability of this type of invention.
Please contact us for more information.
A number of our senior patent attorneys and trade mark attorneys will be attending IP Conferences in 2018.
In particular, we will be attending:
The INTA conference in Seattle in May 2018;
The FICPI conference in Toronto in June 2018;
The APAA conference in New Delhi in November 2018.
If you are also attending any of these events and would like to meet one of our patent or trade mark attorneys, then please contact us.
The Full Federal Court has dismissed an appeal by the Byron Bay craft brewery, Stone & Wood, in its dispute with Victorian craft brewery Elixir over use of the term “Pacific Ale” in Stone & Wood Group Pty Ltd v Intellectual Property Development Corporation Pty Ltd [2018] FCAFC 29 (9 March 2018).
Stone & Wood had failed at first instance to establish that Elixir’s use of the term amounted to passing off, misleading and deceptive conduct under the Australian Consumer Law or an infringement of its registered trade mark. They had also failed to defend a cross-claim by Elixir that Stone & Wood had made groundless threats to bring an action for trade mark infringement.
Stone & Wood appealed against the orders dismissing its claims for passing off and under the Australian Consumer Law and also sought leave to appeal the primary judge’s orders on the groundless threats claim, although they did not appeal the decision on the trade mark infringement aspect of the case.
The beers
In November 2010, Stone & Wood started selling its Stone & Wood Pacific Ale, having chosen the name ‘Pacific Ale’ because it reflects the place where the beer is brewed and they considered that the word ‘Pacific’ generates a “calming, cooling emotional response”. In about January 2015, Elixir launched a beer named ‘Pacific Ale’ under the Thunder Road brand (Thunder Road Pacific Ale), which they re-named ‘Pacific’, following letters of demand from Stone & Wood. At the time Thunder Road Pacific Ale was launched, the only beer named ‘Pacific Ale’ being sold in Australia was the Stone & Wood Pacific Ale (there were some other beers using ‘Pacific Ale’ or ‘Pacific’ but most were produced and sold after Stone & Wood introduced its Pacific Ale to the market).
Images of the products in contention are presented below:
First instance
At first instance, Stone & Wood argued that Elixir’s use of the names ‘Pacific Ale’ and ‘Pacific’ would lead consumers to order or buy the Thunder Road beer when they intended to order or buy Stone & Wood Pacific Ale and/or that Elixir falsely represented to consumers that the Thunder Road beer was promoted, distributed and/or sold with the licence or authority of Stone & Wood, or that that there was a connection with Stone & Wood Pacific Ale.
The primary judge noted that “at the time the Thunder Road Pacific Ale was launched, Elixir was aware that Stone & Wood were producing a beer called ‘Pacific Ale’; knew there were a lot of consumers who, when they saw the name Stone & Wood, would think of Stone & Wood Pacific Ale; knew that the name ‘Pacific Ale’ had come to be very closely associated with Stone & Wood in Australia; and knew that Stone & Wood Pacific Ale had a good reputation in the craft beer market”.
His Honour also noted that in choosing the name ‘Pacific Ale’, Elixir was to some extent seeking to take advantage of the success of the product of that name in the Stone & Wood range but he did not believe that they intended to obtain an advantage by consumers thinking the Thunder Road product was Stone & Wood Pacific Ale or that there was an association between Thunder Road and Stone & Wood or its product.
His Honour ultimately dismissed Stone & Wood’s claims, after considering a range of relevant factors including the dominant Stone & Wood brand name, the differences in packaging and colour used, the “overall look and feel” of the products, the context in which the goods would be bought and the descriptive aspect of the word “Pacific”.
Stone & Wood’s trade mark infringement claim under the Trade Marks Act was also dismissed and Elixir was found not to have infringed the registered mark shown below:
To add to Stone & Wood’s woes, Elixir successfully cross-claimed under s 129 of the Trade Marks Act, alleging that Stone & Wood had made groundless threats to bring an action for trade mark infringement. As the infringement claim failed, the key issue was whether Stone & Wood had made out the defence under s 129(5), i.e., had they pursued an action for infringement with due diligence? His Honour noted that they had not commenced the action for infringement when they initially commenced proceedings but only sought leave to add this claim a month later, after Elixir had cross-claimed for groundless threats, and that no satisfactory reason for this delay had been given by Stone & Wood. As such, Stone & Wood had not acted with due diligence.
Appeal
Stone & Wood did not appeal the trade mark infringement aspect of the decision but reformulated the passing off and Australian Consumer Law claims on appeal (without change of substance). Their case was that “Elixir falsely represented that there was an association or connection between Thunder Road’s Pacific Ale/Pacific beer and Stone & Wood’s Pacific Ale beer, or between Thunder Road’s Pacific Ale/Pacific beer and Stone & Wood, or between Thunder Road and Stone & Wood”. However, the full court upheld all of the primary judge’s reasons and dismissed the appeal, finding that Stone & Wood’s reputation was in ‘Stone & Wood Pacific Ale’ not ‘Pacific Ale’ alone and that Elixir had not represented any association between the beers.
Stone & Wood’s application for leave to appeal in relation to the groundless threats aspect of the decision was also dismissed, with the full court finding that Stone & Wood had presented no argument that demonstrated error on the part of the primary judge and that they did not provide a proper explanation for the delay.
One (comment) for the road
Stone & Wood’s plight highlights how pioneers in a market can become the victim of their own success and the importance of early brand protection. Stone & Wood could potentially have had a much stronger case against Elixir if they owned a trade mark registration for PACIFIC ALE on its own. Elixir is clearly also aware of this and has been attempting to thwart Stone & Wood’s attempts to register that mark. That battle still looms large with Elixir having lost its opposition to Stone & Wood’s registration of the PACIFIC ALE mark before the Trade Marks Office and having appealed that decision to the Federal Court.
Please contact us if you have any questions.
By Nicky Shanks
A recent Federal Court decision in Shape Shopfitters Pty Ltd v Shape Australia Pty Ltd (No 3) [2017] FCA 865 illustrates the importance of obtaining adequate protection at the beginning of the trade mark registration process.
In this decision, Shape Shopfitters (the Applicant) had registered the following composite mark, containing the words SHAPE SHOPFITTERS EST 1998 set within an uneven “bottle cap” border in respect of its shopfitting and other construction services.
However, the Court held that this registered mark was not infringed by the use of the following marks, both of which also feature the word SHAPE within a circle, by Shape Australia (the Respondent) for relevant services:
The Court held that these two marks were not deceptively similar to the registered mark, despite there being some clear similarities between them. In reaching this conclusion, Mortimer J considered that people will recall the entire phrase SHAPE SHOPFITTERS in the registered mark (not just the word SHAPE), due to the alliterative effect of these two words and the positioning of the word SHOPFITTERS underneath the word SHAPE. She also considered that the bottle cap border in the registered mark would stick in a person’s memory and help to distinguish it from the other SHAPE marks. As a result, her Honour did not consider that “the reasonable industry participant of ordinary intelligence and memory would be caused to wonder whether the respondent’s services, and the business it markets and promotes, come from the same source as that of the applicant”.
The Court also declined to decide on whether the fact that the Applicant filed for its mark with a blue background limited its rights to a blue version of the mark, when the Applicant had never entered a written endorsement on the Register limiting the mark to any particular colour.
This decision brings to mind the Full Federal Court’s decision in Crazy Ron’s Communications Pty Limited v Mobileworld Communications Pty Limited [2004] that the use of the mark CRAZY RON’S did not infringe the following registered mark containing the words CRAZY JOHN:
The Court in that decision noted that when a mark comprises a combination of a word or words together with a logo then the words in that mark should not necessarily be considered as an “essential feature” of that mark when comparing it with another mark.
These decisions starkly show that although registering a mark that contains a combination of features may protect that mark as a whole, it will not necessarily protect the individual features separately. Therefore, it is sometimes necessary to file multiple trade mark applications to adequately protect each individual element in a particular mark. Care also needs to be taken to avoid making any inadvertent colour limitations when filing an application to register a logo.
Obtaining inadequate trade mark protection can be a costly mistake for a business if it leaves them unable to prevent the use of similar marks by competitors. Professional assistance should always be sought to avoid these and other pitfalls in protecting and enforcing a business’ trade marks.
Please contact us if you have any questions.
By Nicky Shanks
Businesses often use metatags in the source code of their website to improve their search rankings in Google and other search engines. Sometimes this may involve using a competitor’s trade mark as a metatag within that source code. In Accor Australia & New Zealand Hospitality Pty Ltd v Liv Pty Ltd [2017] FCAFC 56, the Full Federal Court held that Liv Pty Ltd (“Liv”) had infringed registered trade marks HARBOUR LIGHTS and CAIRNS HARBOUR LIGHTS by using the words “Harbour Lights” as a metatag in the source code for Liv’s website.
The Court held that the use of the words “Harbour Lights Apartments” in the source code was “effectively, use as a business name for a business which offers accommodation for letting and short term rental, thus operating as a badge of origin to distinguish Liv’s services from others” and this conduct infringed the registered trade marks which were protected for relevant accommodation letting services.
This finding of infringement is interesting because the source code for a website is not visible to ordinary Internet users. In addition, there was no evidence that the metatag was put there by anyone acting on behalf of Liv. Nonetheless, the Court held that:
“Liv had engaged an IT consultant to create the website; Liv operates the website; Liv has changed the content from time to time; and Liv controls the website including the source data for the website. As a matter of inference… the words comprising the source data must have been included to optimise the search results for Liv’s benefit. In the absence of any other explanation…the IT consultant for Liv must have included the words in the source data for the website with Liv’s acquiescence. Thus, the words were used by Liv.”
In Australia, it was previously considered that the use of a registered trade mark in a metatag, which is invisible to the ordinary Internet user, would not indicate trade origin and thus would not amount to trade mark use or trade mark infringement. However, this recent decision has changed the landscape.
Following this decision, businesses should avoid using the trade marks of other parties, without permission, in the source code of their websites. To do so may expose them to an action for trade mark infringement, even if the source code is put there by a third party such as a website developer.
Please contact us if you have any questions.
By Erin Cassidy
In Clipsal Australia Pty Ltd v Clipso Electrical Pty Ltd (No 3) [2017] FCA 60, the owner of the well known mark CLIPSAL objected to CLIPSO’S use and registration of the similar mark CLIPSO.
The CLIPSO trade mark had been successfully registered but it was ultimately found that the director of the respondent was aware of the market leader’s well known trade mark CLIPSAL when he registered the mark, and that he intended to trade off the reputation of the CLIPSAL mark in order to sell his own products. The CLIPSO trade mark registration was therefore cancelled, and the use of the mark was held to constitute misleading or deceptive conduct under the provisions of the Australian Consumer Law, and to constitute passing off.
Background and facts
Clipsal established that it was the clear market leader in relation to light switches and power points, and its CLIPSAL trade mark was well known in relation to these goods after extensive and long-standing use of the trade mark in Australia which dated back to 1920. Clipsal had also registered the CLIPSAL trade mark in relation to all goods in Class 9 in 1989.
There were two respondents in this case, Clipso and its director, Mr. Abdul Kader. In 2008, Mr Abdul Kader founded Clipso, registered the trade mark CLIPSO in relation to a range of electrical goods in Class 9, and subsequently began use of the CLIPSO trade mark in relation to electrical accessories including switches and sockets at around the end of 2008.
Clipsal objected to Clipso’s use of the CLIPSO trade mark, and commenced proceedings against Clipso for:
The consumers in the relevant market – misleading and deceptive conduct
In its defence, Clipso contended the persons in the market in which the CLIPSO and CLIPSAL branded products are sold would not be misled or deceived by use of the CLIPSO trade mark. Clipso argued that this was because the people in the market are professionals, such as electrical contractors or electrical wholesalers, rather than end-consumers, who are not professionals and more likely to be misled. They argued that because of the level of exposure which electrical contractors and wholesalers had to the market leader’s trade mark CLIPSAL, this mark was so well known to them that they would not be misled or deceived by Clipso’s use of its CLIPSO trade mark.
Perram J rejected Clipso’s argument in relation to the relevant consumers and held that, “the relevant class of consumer consists not only of industry participants, but also of a small group of end-consumers who actually buy switches and sockets for themselves, and another not insignificant group who dictate or otherwise influence the purchasing activities of the electrical contractors, architects and builders etc. engaged on their behalf.” As a result, the relevant market in which the trade marks were used was found to be broader than only professional contractors and wholesalers.
His Honour determined that, due to the similarity between the CLIPSO trade mark and the CLIPSAL mark, ordinary and reasonable consumers would consider that there was a connexion between the respective businesses. It was therefore held that the use of the CLIPSO trade mark in the relevant market was misleading or deceptive. It was also held that Clipso had engaged in passing off by adopting a similar mark to CLIPSAL which would result in confusion by members of the public, and Clipsal would suffer loss or damage as a consequence of that confusion.
Cancellation of the CLIPSO registration
Clipsal was successful in its action for cancellation of the CLIPSO trade mark registration on the grounds that:
Trade mark infringement
In its defence to Clipsal’s claim that the use of the CLIPSO trade mark infringed the CLIPSAL registration, Clipso argued that the way in which it was actually using the CLIPSO mark in a different logo to that of the CLIPSAL mark meant that use of the mark was not misleading to consumers. Clipso also argued that the CLIPSAL mark was so famous that no person in the market could be deceived by use of the CLIPSO mark. However, both of these arguments were rejected by the Court in holding that the use of CLIPSO infringed the registered CLIPSAL mark.
Interestingly, until the CLIPSO mark was actually cancelled from the Register, Clipso could use the defence to infringement available under section 122(1)(e) which provides that a person does not infringe a registered mark if “the person exercises a right to use a trade mark given to a person under this Act”. However, now that the registration is cancelled, any future use of the CLIPSO mark will infringe the CLIPSAL trade mark registration.
Clipsal also claimed that Clipso infringed its registered shape mark for a “dolly switch” (an electrical switch). However, Clipsal was not successful in this claim because it was held that Clipso did not use their dolly switch as a trade mark in relation to their products, and Clipsal did not have a reputation in relation to the dolly switch shape trade mark in identifying its products.
Lessons from this decision
Care should always be taken when choosing a trade mark to ensure that it is a sufficiently original choice and that it does not too closely resemble any marks already in the same market. Registering a trade mark will provide a defence to infringement of other registered marks in most cases, but this defence could ultimately fail if it is found that you should never have been allowed to register the mark in the first place (for example, if you chose a mark that was too similar to a competitor’s well known mark). It is also important to note that a trade mark registration does not provide any defence to actions for misleading and deceptive conduct or passing off. Obtaining professional advice when selecting a new trade mark will assist in avoiding any such problems down the track.
Please contact us if you have any questions.
Background
In recent years, there has been an increasing global trend of enabling applicants to register designs which extend beyond the typical, static subject matter, traditionally associated with design registrations. Specifically, design protection is increasingly being sought and granted with respect to dynamic designs, and other virtual or non-physical designs, such as screen displays and screen icons, which are often collectively referred to as graphical user interfaces (GUIs).
Design registrations for GUIs have been considered registerable in the United States, China and Europe for several years. With developments in mobile phones, tablets and laptops, manufacturers are increasingly seeking to protect GUIs, which are often not suitable subject matter for other forms of registered IP such as patent protection. However, to date, IP Australia has been slow to embrace this emerging global trend.
Practice of the Australian Designs Office (IP Australia)
The Australian Designs Act 2003 (Cth), and the way that legislation is interpreted and applied by IP Australia, is somewhat outdated with respect to applications for GUIs.
Referring to the definition of “product” in Section 6 of the Australian Designs Act 2003 (Cth):
Definition of product:
(1) For the purposes of this Act, a thing that is manufactured or hand made is a product.
(2) A component part of a complex product may be a product for the purposes of this Act, if it is made separately from the product. [1]
IP Australia has a practice of interpreting the definitions set out in the legislation in a manner which extends beyond what is explicitly defined. When considering GUIs, IP Australia has interpreted that in order to meet the definition of product “The visual features of the product must be assessed in the context of the product ‘at rest’, as opposed to ‘in use’.” [2]
Unfortunately there are no recent Federal Court decisions under the Designs Act 2003 which provide clear direction on the question of registrability of GUIs. However, there are two Designs Office decisions that are consistent with IP Australia’s position.
In one Designs Office decision it was held that a “font” does not meet the definition of a product [3]. In a subsequent decision, the Hearings Officer stated that, while the images displayed on an LCD screen were capable of passing the pre-registration formalities check, he considered they were unlikely to ‘survive examination’. [4]
The Australian designs system permits designs to be registered shortly after lodgement if they have satisfied various formalities requirements. However, voluntary post-grant substantive examination (known as certification) is required before the design registration can be enforced.
The practice of IP Australia is to permit the registration of design applications for GUIs, assuming they satisfy the formalities requirements. However, IP Australia has a practice of refusing to certify such design registrations, if requested.
The Designs Office register includes many examples of GUIs which have been successfully registered, but not substantively examined.
Advisory Council on Intellectual Property (ACIP) review
The Advisory Council on Intellectual Property (ACIP), an independent body appointed by the Australian Government, reviewed the Australian design system in 2015 and did not support the current practice of IP Australia with respect to GUIs.
ACIP stated that: “There is nothing in the legislation which requires that visual features be observable in the ‘resting’ state or when unconnected to electricity. IP Australia should reconsider, and abandon, this aspect of its practice in assessing the validity of designs”. [5]
ACIP recommended that: “the treatment of virtual or non‐physical designs be reconsidered, for example by allowing consideration of the product in its active, and not just its resting state when considering validity”. [6]
Anecdotal evidence suggest that many applicants are filing Australian design applications for GUIs and allowing them to be registered but not certified. This practice provides a registration which will be enforceable if the IP Australia practices and/or legislation become more favourable in the short to medium term.
It seems likely based on input from the various stakeholders and IP trends around the world that the Australian Designs Act will be amended to be more favourable for GUIs and other non-physical designs in the near future.
Trade marks
In the short term, applicants considering protection for GUIs may explore other options such as “movement” trade marks. A movement trade mark provides protection for a movement in relation to a good and/or service. This is an emerging area of trade mark practice in Australia, but there are examples of such movement trade marks being registered, such as the Microsoft’s registration for an animated sequence of four coloured squares swirling to form the Microsoft logo. [7]
Movement trade marks may be used to protect GUIs in some scenarios, such as the Microsoft registration referred to above. However, depending on the nature of the specific GUI, some GUIs may not be considered to satisfy the definition of trade mark in section 17 of the Australian Trade Marks Act 1995 (Cth).
Summary
In summary, we consider that the Australian design registration system will become more favourable toward GUIs in the short to medium term, and we recommend that applicants continue to register but not seek certification in respect of GUIs.
Please contact us if you have any questions.
[1] Australian Designs Act 2003 (Cth), Section 6.
[2] IP Australia, Designs Examiners’ Manual, Section D04.4.3.1, as of 15 February 2017.
[3] Microsoft Corporation [2008] ADO 2.
[4] Somfy SAS [2011] ADO 4.
[5] ACIP Review of Designs System 2015 part 2.5.2
[6] ACIP Review of Designs System 2015 part 2.5.2, Recommendation 14
[7] Australian trade mark registration 1321792
A number of our senior patent attorneys and trade mark attorneys will be attending IP Conferences in 2017. In particular, we will be attending:
The INTA conference in Barcelona in May 2017;
The AIPPI conference in Sydney in October 2017;
The FICPI conference in Venice in October 2017;
The APAA conference in Auckland in November 2017.
If you are also attending any of these events and would like to meet one of our patent or trade mark attorneys, then please contact us.
Van Ruth Pty Ltd [2016] ATMO 60 (8 August 2016)
The Australian Trade Marks Act allows for the registration of non-traditional trade marks, such as shape marks, although the path to registration is not always smooth for the owners of such marks. A recent Australian Trade Marks Office decision highlights the challenges that can be faced in registering a shape trade mark, if the Trade Marks Office takes the view that the shape is at all functional.
The Applicant applied to register the shape mark represented below in respect of its bore hole plugs, with the mark described as follows on the application form: “The Trade Mark consists of the shape of a three-dimensional design, comprised of a solid circular and grooved cylindrical base, a tapered shaft with 3 indentations, topped by a tapered circular cup, as displayed in the drawings accompanying the application as shown in the representation(s) attached to the application form” (the Claimed Mark).
During examination of the application, the Trade Marks Office objected to the trade mark on the strictest registrability ground possible, on the basis that the shape mark lacked any distinctiveness and that other traders should be able to use such a shape in connection with their own plugs. Evidence of use of the Claimed Mark filed by the trade mark Applicant did not overcome the objection and the Applicant requested a hearing.
The Applicant’s case
It is accepted practice that shapes that are functional are unlikely to be capable of distinguishing the designated goods. However, in this case, the Applicant submitted that the Claimed Mark does not contribute any engineering advantage to the goods, that it is unique, that it incorporates various aesthetic features (the skirt of the cup, a solid and grooved cylindrical base, a tapered shaft with indentations, etc.) and thus that it is not functional. To support this argument, the Applicant provided about twenty examples of other traders’ bore hole plugs of varying shapes and also pointed out that certain features of the Claimed Mark (such as the grooves on the base and tapered cup) could be replaced by any other pattern without affecting the functionality of the Claimed Shape.
The Applicant also filed a seemingly extensive range of evidence showing that it had been using the Claimed Mark since 1972.
The delegate’s decision
Despite the Applicant’s submissions as to the distinctiveness of the Claimed Mark and its evidence demonstrating that it had been using the Claimed Mark in Australia in relation to the designated goods for over 40 years, the delegate rejected the application, finding that the Claimed Mark is not distinctive and that the evidence did not establish that it had been used as a trade mark (i.e., as a badge of origin).
On distinctiveness, the delegate noted:
On the evidence, the delegate said that it fell short of establishing that the Claimed Mark acts as a badge of origin for the Applicant’s goods for a number of reasons:
Conclusion
The decision has been appealed to the Federal Court, so further guidance for shape mark applicants may follow. In the meantime, we note that the Trade Marks Office continues to take a strict approach to shape trade marks where there is a suggestion that the shape has any functionality.
Although not all shape marks encounter objections during examination, various issues may need to be considered with these non-traditional marks (from assessing whether the mark is registrable in the first place, deciding which features to claim and describing the mark correctly at the time of filing, to being able to demonstrate that a shape mark has properly been used as a trade mark). Please contact us for advice if you are interested in registering a shape mark.
Please contact us with any questions.